Through the Lens of History: Jean L’Heureux: Interpreter, false priest and Robin Hood

Jean Delisle
(Language Update, Volume 9, Number 2, 2012, page 11)

Of all the interpreters who roamed Western Canada during the 19th century, Jean L’Heureux was without a doubt the most eccentric. This unusual character who had been refused entry into the priesthood lived for many years among the Blackfoot as a friend and defender of this people. Despite the generous assistance he repeatedly lent to Catholic missionaries and his adopted people, as well as to fur traders and civil authorities, he remained all his life a suspect fringe element of society.

Born in Saint-Hyacinthe sometime between 1825 and 1831, he excelled in the classical education he received, going on to pursue theological training to become a priest. By the end of his first year, however, he was expelled from the major seminary “for serious misconduct.” Thus began his adventurous life as a roving imposter.

False priest

In the mid–1850s, L’Heureux travelled around the gold fields region of Montana. At the Jesuit mission, he passed himself off as a secular priest, obtained a cassock under the pretext that he had lost his own, and set about preaching and performing baptisms and marriages. The Jesuits eventually learnt that he had never been ordained as a priest and discovered with dismay, upon catching him in the act of sodomy, that he was homosexual.

Denounced as a false priest, a sodomite and a fraud, L’Heureux was expelled from the mission. He found refuge among the Blackfoot, who were more inclined to accept him, as Amerindians did not condemn homosexuality. This society was tolerant of berdaches, a fact attested to by the trader Jean-Baptiste Trudeau (1748–1827), using contemporary vocabulary marked by the prejudices of his time, in his account of his voyage along the upper Missouri River, Voyage sur le Haut-Missouri : 1794-1796:

From Montana, L’Heureux accompanied a band of Blackfoot to Alberta, where Oblates had been present since 1845. His travels brought him north of Edmonton to the St. Albert mission, led by Father Albert Lacombe (1827–1916), who hired him as an assistant and interpreter. Hoping to join the community of Oblates, L’Heureux pretended to have changed his ways, but he did not fully convince the fathers, who remained suspicious and sought to neutralize his influence.

The false priest was unrelenting in his evangelization work, “defiling our sacred religion,” deplored Father Lacombe, who would nevertheless remain L’Heureux’s protector until his death, no doubt because the interpreter saved his life during a deadly smallpox epidemic. The deception carried out by this imposter “who preaches and hears confessions” was the cause of great annoyance to the missionaries, all the more so because L’Heureux easily gained the trust of the Aboriginal peoples, whose way of life he shared on a daily basis. The influence he wielded over them must, to some extent, have led to the latent hostility that some of the Oblates felt toward him.

Jean L’Heureux in a cassock with a group of Blackfoot, Blood and Peigan Indians. Rocky Mountain House, Alberta, 1871 (Glenbow Archives, NA-575-1).

L’Heureux taught the Blackfoot that their traditional beliefs were not incompatible with his own, the only difference being that the Christian God was composed of three persons in one. Finding this idea exceptionally funny, the Amerindians gave L’Heureux the name neokiskaetapiw, meaning “Three Persons.”

Treaty negotiator

Jean L’Heureux played a major part leading up to and during the Treaty No. 7 negotiations. The territory covered by this treaty was approximately 91,000 square kilometres in southern Alberta. It was inhabited by Blackfoot, Blood, Sarcee, Stoney and Peigan Indians. The Crown coveted this land with a view to opening it up for colonization and any other possible use. It also planned to create reserves by allotting two square kilometres per family of five. The Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories, David Laird, and the Commissioner of the North West Mounted Police,* Lieutenant Colonel James F. Macleod, were charged with conducting the negotiations that took place on September 22, 1877.

Laird wished to engage L’Heureux as interpreter, but L’Heureux advised him that he had already agreed to replace Blackfoot head chief Crowfoot’s interpreter, who was ill, and to be of service to the other chiefs who had requested his assistance.

Enjoying the trust of the Amerindians, L’Heureux was their official spokesperson during the negotiations with the government representatives. He provided the emissaries with valuable information: a map of Blackfoot territory, a census of the various peoples and a list of the head chiefs, main families and various clans. During the negotiations, the interpreter explained the terms of the treaty to the Blackfoot delegates and provided them with advice. An observer commented that L’Heureux “stood unswervingly with the Indians as an Indian.”²

The Blackfoot Confederacy was composed of peoples who spoke different dialects, which necessitated the participation of other interpreters, such as Jerry Potts³ and James Bird Jr., both Metis, as well as Father Constantine Scollen.

Since the interpreters played an active part in the negotiations, it was only normal that their names should appear at the bottom of the treaty as advisers, interpreters and witnesses. L’Heureux inscribed the names of the Blackfoot chiefs on the official document, validated each of their marks and signed the treaty as a witness. It was through L’Heureux that the chiefs thanked the representatives of the Government of Canada.

Jean L’Heureux circa 1880 with three Blackfoot Confederacy chiefs (Glenbow Archives, NA-2968-4).

Robin Hood

Once the treaty had been concluded, Jean L’Heureux chose to live with the Blackfoot and continued to accompany missionaries on their visits to Indian camps. A cultured man of deeply held humanist beliefs, L’Heureux wrote ethnological notes on Blackfoot mores, customs and handmade goods in order to increase awareness of them.

The famines that periodically struck his adopted people following the extinction of the buffalo were of great concern to L’Heureux. In some extreme instances that L’Heureux witnessed, the Indians were reduced to eating ground squirrels, mice, snakes and even animal carcasses half devoured by wolves. To help them, the interpreter petitioned the civil authorities or the mounted police for provisions. He even resorted to stealing horses and livestock, which he then distributed to the most destitute. He felt deep compassion for his hosts in their suffering.

This hardship brought him into contact with Louis Riel (1844–1885). In the winter of 1879, a famine forced the Blackfoot of Alberta to migrate to an area with more game: Montana. Riel visited them there and, counting on their precarious situation, suggested that they join the Metis in an invasion of the northwest with a view to making it an Amerindian and Metis state. L’Heureux considered it his duty to foil this plot and alerted the Canadian and American authorities. Riel tried again the following autumn, but once again the interpreter intervened and managed to convince the Indians that plotting with Riel and the Metis carried serious risks. He urged them to return to Alberta and to turn a deaf ear to any talk of an uprising.

Official interpreter

In 1881, L’Heureux’s reports on Riel’s seditious activities in Montana earned him the position of interpreter with the Department of Indian Affairs.** He became in a sense the trusted adviser of the Canadian authorities on Blackfoot affairs, acting more or less as an informant.

The federal government again showed its appreciation for his work in 1886 by choosing him to travel to Brantford, Ontario, for the inauguration of the statue of Mohawk chief Joseph Brant.*** Also invited to this ceremony were the Amerindian chiefs who abstained from supporting Riel during the rebellion of 1885. L’Heureux was their interpreter and assisted Father Lacombe, who joined them. During the official reception in Ottawa organized by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald in honour of the visitors, the attendees had an opportunity to appreciate Crowfoot’s considerable speaking skills. The head chief’s exceptionally eloquent address was interpreted into English with the same verve by Jean L’Heureux.

Back: Father Albert Lacombe and Jean L’Heureux. Middle: Three Bulls, Crowfoot and Red Crow. Front: North Axe and One Spot. Visit to Ottawa in 1886 (Glenbow Archives, NA-13-2).

In April 1888, L’Heureux was re–engaged as an interpreter through an order-in-council that increased his salary to $600 a year. On top of this generous compensation he received the food rations usually given to officials of the Department of Indian Affairs.⁴

Missionary assistant

Jean L’Heureux’s relationship with the Oblates was always ambivalent and marked by suspicion. Some of the missionaries viewed him as a “fiend,” others as a nonconformist philanthropist. Not once, however, did they deprive themselves of his assistance. “Of all the services that L’Heureux rendered to the missionary Oblates, the greatest was his recruitment for St. Joseph’s Industrial School, located in Dunbow, southwest of Calgary.”⁵ The number of ruses and gifts that it must have taken for the interpreter to convince young boys to enrol in the school, and especially to persevere in their studies, was no doubt considerable indeed.

His recruitment work bothered the Protestant ministers, who saw it—not without reason—as a form of favouritism toward the Catholic Church. As a federal office holder, L’Heureux was expected to exercise a certain degree of impartiality. It should be noted that he opened his home as a boarding house to preschool students whom he was preparing for admission to St. Joseph’s. This continued until an Anglican minister accused him of “practicing immorality of a most beastly type”⁶ with his young boarders. That was all it took for L’Heureux to lose his employment as an interpreter. No investigation was ever conducted to confirm the allegations, but there was a strong presumption of guilt, given the accused’s past.

Wretched final years

Relieved of his duties in 1891, L’Heureux lived in utter destitution, seeking shelter in the homes of charitable people. Unfortunately, his demands, obsessions and eccentricities quickly became unbearable, and he ended up at the hermitage of his benefactor, Father Lacombe.**** Born, so it seems, for a life of roving, he did not stay there long. He set off again with his bundle of belongings, this time for the foothills of the Rockies, where he lived sometimes as a recluse, sometimes among the Metis. Poor and crippled, he survived on the rations of beef and flour that the government granted him for “services rendered.”

In 1912, L’Heureux had to be placed more or less by force in the home run by Father Lacombe in Midnapore (today a suburb of Calgary). He still wore the cassock and the clerical collar and insisted on being called “Reverend.” It was there that he died in 1919, having almost reached the age of 90. The Oblates have always exercised the greatest discretion as to the contribution made by this “lay missionary” to their proselytizing work in the West. They have reportedly even destroyed the manuscript of his memoirs.

Extraordinary interpreter

Throughout his life, Jean L’Heureux rarely enjoyed unanimous support, even though, thanks to his gift for languages, his undeniable talent as an interpreter and his understanding of the Indian mentality, he earned the trust of Amerindians, religious figures, fur traders and government authorities alike. Each of these groups had, at one time or another, valid grounds to condemn his behaviour. He was called a hypocrite, an imposter, a liar, a thief, a false priest and a troubled soul.

Although reviled by society, this errant Canadian managed to render invaluable services to those around him. The high regard that his large Amerindian family had for him definitely facilitated the Treaty No. 7 negotiations—several contemporary accounts attest to this—and it is not unreasonable to think that thanks, at least in part, to his pacifism, the bloodbath that would have resulted from a Blackfoot uprising in alliance with Louis Riel’s Metis was averted.

The priests made extensive use of his services as a guide, a recruiter and, when they went to administer the sacraments, an interpreter. Bishop Vital Grandin, who actually excommunicated L’Heureux, the pederast, did not have any scruples about suspending the punishment whenever the missionaries required L’Heureux’s services.⁷ The excommunications were followed by periods of opportunistic “rehabilitation.”

Is this surreal situation not emblematic of the entire life of interpreter Jean L’Heureux, whose tormented existence was marked alternately by acceptance and ostracism?

Remarks

• * Back to the text The North West Mounted Police was founded in 1873 by John A. Macdonald. It became “royal” in 1904 and took the name Royal Canadian Mounted Police in 1920, following its merger with the Dominion Police, created for the protection of parliamentarians.
• ** Back to the text The Department of Indian Affairs was created in 1880. Its French name, Département des Affaires des Sauvages, was changed to Département des Affaires indiennes in 1920.
• *** Back to the text Another statue of Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea) stands in Confederation Square, Ottawa. The capital’s National Gallery also has a painting, dated 1776, of the famous Mohawk chief, by the English painter George Romney.
• **** Back to the text St. Michael’s Hermitage was built in 1890 in Pincher Creek, Alberta. In 1908, Father Lacombe founded a home in Midnapore for orphans, the elderly and people with disabilities.

Notes

• Back to the note¹ Jean-Baptiste Trudeau, Voyage sur le Haut-Missouri : 1794-1796, Septentrion, 2006, p. 189.
• Back to the note² Cited in Hugh A. Dempsey, “Jean L’Heureux,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.
• Back to the note³ See my profile of “Jerry Potts : guide, interprète et diplomate” in Circuit, No. 111, 2011, pp. 30–31.
• Back to the note⁴ “Appointment of J. L’Heureux, as interpreter for Black Foot Indians of Alberta, 1888/04/21,” RG 2, Privy Council Office, Series A-1-a, vol. 520, Reel C-3393, No. 974.
• Back to the note⁵ Raymond J.-A. Huel, “Jean L’Heureux : Canadien errant et prétendu missionnaire auprès des Pieds-Noirs,” in G. Allaire, P. Dubé and G. Morcos (eds.), Après dix ans… : bilan et prospective, Institut de recherche de la Faculté Saint-Jean, 1992, pp. 217–218.
• Back to the note⁶ Reverend J. W. Tims, cited in Raymond J.-A. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel to the Indians and the Métis, University of Alberta Press, 1996, p.  131.
• Back to the note⁷ Raymond J.-A. Huel, “Jean L’Heureux : …,” pp. 221–222.

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